Optical splitters are classified by their shape as follows
Optical splitters can be classified by shape into Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers, each designed to split optical signals in specific ways.
Y Coupler
A Y coupler resembles the letter "Y" and splits the input optical signal into two output fibers. It is also called an optical tap coupler. The power distribution can be controlled to meet specific application requirements, making it suitable for small networks or simple branching scenarios .
T Coupler
A T coupler provides an uneven power distribution between its outputs, such as 10:90 or 20:80 ratios. This type is often used in networks with fewer ports where one output requires more signal strength than the other .
X Coupler (2×2)
The X coupler, also known as a 2×2 coupler, functions as both a splitter and a combiner. It divides optical power from two input fibers between two output fibers, making it versatile for bidirectional signal routing in optical networks .
Star Coupler
A star coupler has multiple input and output ports, distributing optical power from several inputs to several outputs. The distribution can be equal or proportional, and star couplers are commonly used in larger networks with configurations like 2×4, 4×4, or 8×16 .
Tree Coupler
A tree coupler is a hierarchical structure that splits signals in a branching manner, similar to a tree. It is used for distributing optical signals across multiple levels in a network, often in passive optical networks (PONs) to connect a central office to multiple subscribers .
Summary
The shape of an optical splitter determines how the optical signal is divided and routed. Y and T couplers are suitable for small-scale or uneven splits, X couplers allow bidirectional splitting and combining, while star and tree couplers are ideal for larger networks requiring multiple outputs with equal or hierarchical distribution . These shapes are critical in designing efficient optical networks for applications like FTTH, EPON, and GPON.
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